A review of the effect and optimization of use of nano-TiO2 in cementitious composites

There are some problems and weaknesses related to cement-based materials, such as their very low tensile strength, low chemical resistance, and the huge contribution of cement production to industrial CO₂ emissions. One possible method to reduce the impacts of such problems is the partial replacement of cement in cementitious materials with nanomaterials. This work provides a detailed review of the incorporation of one of the most widely used nanomaterials, namely nano-titanium dioxide, and its effect on the properties of cementitious composites. Different properties have been considered in the current study, such as fresh properties, mechanical properties (compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength), durability (permeability, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), electrical resistivity, carbonation resistance, freeze and thaw resistance, and sulfate attack resistance), and microstructural properties. This paper also investigates the optimum content of nano-TiO₂ in cement-based materials. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of using nano-titania in cementitious composites has been discussed. Nano-titania reduces the workability and setting time of cement-based materials. It can be very effective in improving the mechanical properties, durability, and microstructural properties of cementitious composites.